72 of 74 fee datums on this page are verified against the agency's own published schedule or statute (2026-09-04); the rest are marked pending review in the Status column - portal-surcharge components no official page states, values the official source contradicts (held for a correction package), or sources that could not be reached.
Values were first corroborated across independent internal records; verified cells now also carry the agency's own published schedule or statute as their authority, which is what promotion to verified requires.
Cost position
Ranked 30 of 54 on first-year state
filing cost, at $200.00 against a national median
of $185.00.
The recurring entity-tax minimum is not resolved for LLCs here, so no ongoing total is computed.
See the full ranking.
Where Arkansas sits among its neighbours in the first-year cost ranking (USD)Show all 54 jurisdictionsThe full ranking with Arkansas highlighted (USD)
Registered-agent statutes, quoted verbatim
The one section on this page that clears the publication gate in full. 11 citations, verified, quoted from the official code with every elision marked.
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-20-105
◎Verified
Model Registered Agents Act · applies to
corporations and LLCs
Appointment of registered agent.(a) A registered agent filing must state: (1) the name of the represented entity's commercial registered agent; or (2) if the entity does not have a commercial registered agent, the name and address of the entity's noncommercial registered agent: (A) the name and address of the entity's registered agent; or (B) the title of an office or other position with the entity if service of process is to be sent to the person holding that office or position, and the address of the business office of that person. (b) The appointment of a registered agent pursuant to subsection (a)(1) or (2) is an affirmation by the represented entity that the agent has consented to serve as such.
retrieved 2026-07-29
· confidence medium · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-202(a)(3)
◎Verified
Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987 · applies to
corporations
Articles of incorporation.(a) The articles of incorporation must set forth: [...] (3) the information required by § 4-20-105(a);
retrieved 2026-07-29
· confidence medium · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-115
◎Verified
Uniform Limited Liability Company Act · applies to
LLCs
Registered agent.(a) Each limited liability company and each registered foreign limited liability company shall designate and maintain a registered agent in this state in compliance with the Model Registered Agents Act, § 4-20-101 et seq. (b) The designation of a registered agent is an affirmation of fact by the limited liability company or registered foreign limited liability company that the agent has consented to serve. (c) A registered agent for a limited liability company or registered foreign limited liability company must have a place of business in this state.
retrieved 2026-07-29
· confidence medium · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-202
◎Verified
Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987 · applies to
corp
Articles of incorporation.(a) The articles of incorporation must set forth: (1) a corporate name for the corporation that satisfies the requirements of § 4-27-401; (2) the number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue [...] (3) the information required by § 4-20-105(a); (4) the name and address of each incorporator; and (5) the primary purpose or purposes for which the corporation is organized, which is provided to the Secretary of State for informational purposes [...]
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-201
◎Verified
Uniform Limited Liability Company Act · applies to
LLCs
Formation of limited liability company; Certificate of organization.(a) One or more persons may act as organizers to form a limited liability company by delivering to the Secretary of State for filing a certificate of organization. (b) A certificate of organization must state: (1) the name of the limited liability company, which must comply with § 4-38-112; (2) the street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office; and (3) the information required by § 4-20-105(a). [...] (d) A limited liability company is formed when the certificate of organization becomes effective and at least one person has become a member or manager.
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-1622
◎Verified
Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987 · applies to
corp
Annual franchise tax report for Secretary of State.(a) Each domestic corporation, and each foreign corporation authorized to transact business in this state, shall deliver to the Secretary of State for filing an annual franchise tax report that sets forth: (1) the name of the corporation; (2) the jurisdiction under which the corporation is incorporated; [...] (b) The requirements as to the applicability, use, and filing of the annual franchise tax report shall be as set forth in the Arkansas Corporate Franchise Tax Act of 1979, § 26-54-101 et seq.
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-212
◎Verified
Uniform Limited Liability Company Act · applies to
LLCs
Annual report for Secretary of State.(a) A limited liability company or registered foreign limited liability company shall deliver to the Secretary of State for filing an annual report that states: (1) the name of the company or foreign company; (2) the name and street and mailing addresses of its registered agent in this state; [...] (f) A limited liability company has satisfied the annual report requirements under this section if the requirements under the Arkansas Corporate Franchise Tax Act of 1979, § 26-54-101 et seq., have been met.
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-1420
◎Verified
Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987 · applies to
corp
Grounds for administrative dissolution.The Secretary of State may commence a proceeding under § 4-27-1421 to administratively dissolve a corporation if: (1) the corporation does not pay within sixty (60) days after they are due any franchise taxes or penalties imposed by this chapter or other law; (2) the corporation does not deliver its annual franchise tax report to the Secretary of State within sixty (60) days after it is due; (3) the corporation is without a registered agent in this state for sixty (60) days or more; [...]
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-708
◎Verified
Uniform Limited Liability Company Act · applies to
LLCs
Administrative dissolution.(a) The Secretary of State may commence a proceeding under subsection (b) to dissolve a limited liability company administratively if the company does not: (1) pay any fee, tax, interest, or penalty required to be paid to the Secretary of State not later than six months after it is due; (2) deliver an annual report to the Secretary of State not later than six months after it is due; or (3) have a registered agent in this state for 60 consecutive days. [...]
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-401
◎Verified
Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987 · applies to
corp
Corporate name.(a) A corporate name: (1) must contain the word “corporation,” “incorporated,” “company,” or “limited,” or the abbreviation “corp.,” “inc.,” “co.,” or “ltd.,” or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; and (2) may not contain language stating or implying that the corporation is organized for a purpose other than that permitted by § 4-27-301 and its articles of incorporation. (b) Except as authorized by subsections (d) and (e) of this section, a corporate name must be distinguishable upon the records of the Secretary of State from: [...]
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-112
◎Verified
Uniform Limited Liability Company Act · applies to
LLCs
Permitted names.(a) The name of a limited liability company must contain the phrase “limited liability company” or “limited company” or the abbreviation “L.L.C.”, “LLC”, “L.C.”, or “LC”. “Limited” may be abbreviated as “Ltd.”, and “company” may be abbreviated as “Co.”. (b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e), the name of a limited liability company, and the name under which a foreign limited liability company may register to do business in this state, must be distinguishable on the records of the Secretary of State from any: [...]
retrieved 2026-08-10
· confidence high · verified
· publisher not linked (commercial code publisher; the citation is the pinpoint)
The Model Registered Agents Act fallback is NOT service on the Secretary of State: if an entity has no registered agent, or the agent cannot with reasonable diligence be served, service is made by registered or certified mail addressed to one or more of the entity's governors by name at its principal office; failing that, by handing a copy to the person in charge of any regular place of business (4-20-113(c)). The Secretary of State becomes an entity's agent for service only on revocation of a foreign corporation's certificate of authorityCertificate of authorityPermission for an entity formed in one state to do business in another - the 'foreign' registration.Read the full entry → (4-27-1531(d)).
Reinstatement Fee. Reinstatement must be sought within two years of administrative dissolution for both corporations and LLCs; an LLC must pay all fees, taxes, interest and penalties that were due and that would have accrued during dissolution, and a corporation's application must include state tax-clearance certificates (4-27-1422(a)(4)).
Other. Name loss: on dissolution (administrative or otherwise) an LLC's name becomes available to other companies, and the dissolved company must use a new name on reinstatement if the prior name was taken.
Revocation Foreign. The Secretary of State may revoke a foreign corporation's certificate of authority if it is without a registered agent for 60 days or more or fails to file notice of an agent change or resignation within 60 days; on revocation the Secretary of State becomes the corporation's agent for service (4-27-1531(d)). A registered foreign LLC's registration may be terminated if it does not have a registered agent as required by 4-38-115 or fails to file a statement of change within 30 days (4-38-910(a)(3)-(4)).
Dollar amounts named in the registered-agent statutes
Statement of change, statement of resignation, and statement appointing an agent for service of process under the Model Registered Agents Act
$0 (statute says 'no fee')
○Pending review
Maximum additional civil penalty per year (or partial year) for a foreign corporation transacting business without a certificate of authority, on top of all back fees and penalties
$5,000
○Pending review
Maximum civil penalty per twelve-month period (or part) for a foreign LLC transacting business without registration
$5,000
○Pending review
Fee collected by the Secretary of State each time process is served on him or her under the LLC act (recoverable as costs by a prevailing party)
$25
○Pending review
13 statutory citations and their supporting verbatim quotations sit behind this section in the record and are withheld from public display until the review pass lands, because a citation presented as authority is a verification claimed. Statutory references appearing inside the summaries above are part of the recorded text rather than an authority claim, and they are not rendered as citations, linked, or emitted in this page's structured data. How the gate works.
Governance rules
7 governance rules are recorded for Arkansas - the organizational and annual meetings, action by written consent, and whether bylaws or an operating agreement are mandatory. Each verified rule links to the statutory text it was verified against, quoted verbatim below.
Organizational meeting required · applies to
corporations ·
yes
the initial directors shall hold an organizational meeting, at the call of a majority of the directors, to complete the organization of the corporation by appointing officers, adopting bylaws
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-701
◎Verified
Annual meeting required · applies to
corporations ·
yes
A corporation shall hold a meeting of shareholders annually at a time stated in or fixed in accordance with the bylaws.
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-704(a)
◎Verified
Action by written consent allowed · applies to
corporations ·
yes
may be taken without a meeting if one (1) or more written consents ... shall be signed by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-206(a)
◎Verified
Bylaws required · applies to
corporations ·
yes
The incorporators or board of directors of a corporation shall adopt initial bylaws for the corporation.
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-102(13)
◎Verified
Operating agreement required · applies to
LLCs ·
no
“Operating agreement” means the agreement, whether or not referred to as an operating agreement and whether oral, implied, in a record, or in any combination thereof, of all the members
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-407(d)
◎Verified
Annual meeting required · applies to
LLCs ·
no
An action requiring the vote or consent of members under this chapter may be taken without a meeting, and a member may appoint a proxy or other agent
reviewed 2026-08-17
· confidence high · verified
Ark. Code Ann. § 4-38-407(b), (d)
◎Verified
Action by written consent allowed · applies to
LLCs ·
yes
a matter in the ordinary course ... may be decided by a majority of the members. (4) The affirmative vote or consent of all the members is required to: (A) undertake an act outside the ordinary course
SOS Business & Commercial Services is the primary filing office for entities, with a secondary county-clerk filing of the SOS-returned copy (registered-office county, Pulaski County exempt)
State fee
$25 paper / $22.50 online for corporations, LLCs, nonprofits, series LLCs; $15 for LP, LLP, LLLP (per DN-18 form); CFN and CTN $25 paper only
Term
Perpetual - no expiration or renewal; remains until cancelled or transferred
Renewal
None required; cancellation/transfer filings are $25 each (paper only)
General act: the county clerk of each county in which the person conducts, transacts, or intends to conduct the business. Corporate fictitious names: the Secretary of State, plus (for domestic corporations) the county clerk of the county of the registered office unless it is in Pulaski County.
No fixed term or expiration is prescribed for the county assumed-name certificate; it remains on file. On any change of ownership, each person withdrawing or disposing of an interest must file a certificate of withdrawal with the county clerk of each county where the business is conducted. Corporate fictitious-name filings under § 4-26-405 likewise carry no stated term but must be cancelled when the corporation dissolves, forfeits its rights, or ceases using the name.
Name restrictions
The county-level general act contains no name-screening standard. On the entity side, the Secretary of State must refuse a corporate fictitious-name filing if the proposed name is not distinguishable from, or is confusingly similar to, existing domestic or admitted foreign corporate names or names reserved or registered under §§ 4-26-402 and 4-26-403.
Assumed names for registered entities
Corporations (domestic or admitted foreign) file corporate fictitious names with the Secretary of State on an approved form in duplicate - the fictitious name, character of business, and corporate identity - with a duplicate then filed with the county clerk of the registered-office county unless in Pulaski County. No exclusive rights are created, cancellation must be filed when use ceases, and an assumed name adequately tied to the true corporate name in an instrument is not a 'fictitious name' under the section (§ 4-26-405(h)). related entity name mechanisms (4-27-404 is the 1987 Business Corporation Act corporate fictitious-name section; 4-42-707 covers registered LLPs) are cross-referenced at §§ 4-27-404, 4-38-122, and 4-42-707 but were not extracted.
Penalties
Failure to comply with the assumed-name subchapter is a violation punishable by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100, and each day of violation is a separate offense. A corporation that contracts exclusively under an unregistered fictitious name can be sued on the instrument, but cannot enforce its own rights under it in Arkansas courts until it complies with § 4-26-405 and pays a $300 civil penalty to the Treasurer of State.
$25 filing fee; cash, local check, or credit/debit with a $3.00 processing fee; certificate signed before a notary public.
◎Verified
Pulaski County
25
$25; in person by credit card, money order, cash, or check (photo ID required); by mail must be notarized.
◎Verified
Common questions
Does an Arkansas LLC or corporation file its DBA with the county clerk?
No. Registered corporations, LPs, and LLCs are expressly exempt from the county assumed-name subchapter (Ark. Code Ann. § 4-70-201). Corporations file fictitious names with the Secretary of State under § 4-26-405 (plus the registered-office county clerk unless in Pulaski County). The county-clerk certificate under § 4-70-203 is for individuals and unregistered firms.
What happens if a sole proprietor operates under an assumed name in Arkansas without filing?
It is a violation punishable by a $25 to $100 fine, and each day of noncompliance is a separate offense (Ark. Code Ann. § 4-70-202).
Does filing an Arkansas fictitious name give exclusive rights to the name?
No. The statute states compliance 'does not give a corporation an exclusive right to the use of the fictitious name' and does not bar others from using the same name as a corporate name, though equitable relief under fair trade law remains available (Ark. Code Ann. § 4-26-405(g)).
How much does an Arkansas county assumed-name filing cost?
The statute sets the county clerk's indexing and filing fee at $1.00 (Ark. Code Ann. § 4-70-206(b)). The Secretary of State fee for a corporate fictitious-name filing under § 4-26-405 is not printed in the statute.
Arkansas Secretary of State, Business and Commercial Services Division
2026 Annual Corporation Franchise Tax Report (official SOS form): reports and remittance payable to Arkansas Secretary of State, BCS Division · source↗ (opens the official source)
Basis of the tax
authorized shares (outstanding capital stock, apportioned) for stock corporations; flat for LLCs and no-stock corporations
Ark. Code Ann. 26-54-104(6)(A); 2026 form: (AR real+personal assets / total assets) x outstanding capital stock (no-par shares valued at $25) x 0.003 · source↗ (opens the official source)
Minimum
$150
2026 SOS Corporation Franchise Tax Report: 'MINIMUM TAX DUE $150 - IF LESS THAN $150 PAY $150'; LLC flat tax also $150 · source↗ (opens the official source)
Due date
May 1 annually (for the year ending the preceding December 31); no extensions available (Acts 1046 and 1140 of 1991 eliminated extensions); penalty ($25) plus interest after May 1 per A.C.A. 26-54-107 and 26-54-114
2026 SOS form: 'Reports and taxes are due on or before May 1' / 'ALL REPORTS ARE DUE ON OR BEFORE MAY 1' · source↗ (opens the official source)
Corporations
True
LLCs
True
The LLC minimum is not resolved as a number in the record (the annual-report figure already carries the entity-tax minimum - one obligation, counted once) - stated as a gap, not guessed.
Stored as a delta against the federal baseline:
1 day this state closes that the
federal government does not, and 2 federal
holidays its filing office works through.
Arkansas 2026 closure delta
Date
Day
Filing office
2026-06-19
Juneteenth
OPEN - federal holiday not observed
2026-10-12
Columbus Day
OPEN - federal holiday not observed
2026-12-24
Christmas Eve
Filing office closed
Provenance - Arkansas 2026 closures◎Verified
Citation withheld: this record did not clear the publication gate.
Arkansas observed status strings and their verdict
Observed status
Verdict
Confidence
(BLANK)
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
ACTIVE
In good standing
high
ADMINISTRATIVELY DISSOLVED
Not in good standing
high
ADMINISTRATIVELY WITHDRAWN
Not in good standing
high
CANCELLED
Not in good standing
high
CONSOLIDATED
Not in good standing
medium
CONVERTED
Not in good standing
medium
DISSOLVED
Not in good standing
high
EXPIRED
Not in good standing
medium
FILED IN <YEAR>
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
FORFEITED CHARTER
Not in good standing
high
FORFEITED CHARTER PAID
Not in good standing
high
GOOD STANDING
In good standing
high
JUDICIALLY DISSOLVED
Not in good standing
high
MERGED
Not in good standing
medium
NON SOS
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
NOT CURRENT
Not in good standing
high
NOT FILED
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
NOT SOS FILED
Unresolved - do not automate on this
low
NOT YET FILED
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
PENDING
Unresolved - do not automate on this
medium
REVOKED
Not in good standing
high
STATUTORILY DISSOLVED
Not in good standing
high
TRANSFERRED
Not in good standing
medium
UNKNOWN
Unresolved - do not automate on this
high
USED
Unresolved - do not automate on this
low
WITHDRAWN
Not in good standing
high
Restricted entity-name words
6 restricted entity-name word entries
are recorded for Arkansas,
the rest requiring an agency's consent or licensure before the word may appear in a name.
Governing law: Ark. Code Ann. § 4-27-401 (corporate name) and § 4-38-112 (LLC permitted names) carry no word list beyond the generic implied-purpose rule; the operative restricted-word list is the SOS Business & Commercial Services "Name Availability Guidelines" (Revised 9/6/2022).
Arkansas restricted entity-name words
Treatment
Word or phrase
Authority
Citation
Status
Consent required
bank / trust (or combination of the two)
Arkansas State Bank Department
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): "Use of the word 'bank', 'trust,' or combination of the two, unless accompanied by a letter of approval from the Arkansas State Bank Department."
◎Verified
Consent required
insurance (insurer entities)
Arkansas Insurance Department
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): "Insurance companies must obtain permission from the Arkansas Insurance Department prior to forming an entity."
◎Verified
Consent required
Razorback(s) / Arkansas Razorback(s)
University of Arkansas System
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): "Use of the words 'Razorback(s)' or 'Arkansas Razorbacks(s),' unless accompanied by a letter of approval from the University of Arkansas System."
◎Verified
Consent required
Red Wolf / Red Wolves Arkansas State
Arkansas State University
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): "Use of the words 'Red Wolf' or 'Red Wolves Arkansas State' unless a letter of approval from Arkansas State University."
◎Verified
License required
engineer / engineering (or any modification or derivation)
Arkansas State Board of Licensure for Professional Engineers and Professional Surveyors
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): restricted "unless the State Board of Licensure for Professional Engineers and Professional Surveyors has issued the applicant a certificate of authorization or a letter indicating the eligibility of the applicant to receive such a certificate"
◎Verified
Restricted
(medicine / dentistry practice LLCs)
Arkansas State Medical Board / Dental Corporation Act compliance
SOS Name Availability Guidelines (rev. 9/6/2022): an LLC engaging in the practice of medicine must obtain a certificate of registration from the Arkansas State Medical Board (Medical Corporation Act, § 4-29-301); dentistry LLCs must register under the Dental Corporation Act (§ 4-29-401 et seq.)
● accepted · ○ not accepted · ? unknown or conditional (hover for the recorded condition). Channel data covers 54 jurisdictions (2026-08-15 wave). Source links render on verified rows only.
Contact the filing office
Verified against the agency's own contact page
2026-08-13.
Source links render on verified rows only.
Arkansas Secretary of State, Business & Commercial Services, 1401 W. Capitol Avenue, Suite 250, Little Rock, AR 72201
Courier / walk-in
Victory Building, 1401 W. Capitol Avenue, Suite 250, Little Rock, AR 72201
BCS publishes one street address (Victory Building suite) that works for mail and courier alike; the local BCS line for a filing company placing volume calls (toll-free 888-233-0325 also direct to BCS); corprequest@ is both the published and the correspondence-proven mailbox (BCS answered from it 2026-08-11).
Where to search Arkansas's UCC (Article 9) financing statements, on what terms, and what the office charges to file one. Verified against the filing office's own pages 2026-09-11. UCC division contacts are listed with the other filing-office contacts above.
UCC records - Arkansas◎Verified
Filing office
Arkansas Secretary of State - Business & Commercial Services (BCS)
$16 online or on paper, which includes a $6 prepaid termination fee; paper filings add 50 cents for each additional page (including addendum and additional-party pages) up to a $100 maximum
Filing channels
online or paper; Online: UCC online filing portal at https://bcs.sos.arkansas.gov/ (UCC Filing System User Guide, July 2026, linked). Paper: mailed to Business & Commercial Services, Victory Building, 1401 W. Capitol
No expedited filing service is published; the office's FAQ describes online filing as giving immediate position
UCC-3 amendments, as the office states the fees
Amendment, assignment, continuation or partial release $6 online or on paper (paper adds 50 cents per additional page); termination of a filing made on or after July 28, 1995 no charge (fee paid with the initial financing statement); termination of a pre-July 28, 1995 filing $6
Bulk data
published bulk-data program - No initial full-database extract offered at any price - the office sells ONLY the monthly changes file (state's answer by phone, 2026-09-10)
Whether Arkansas requires a general state-level business license, and on what terms. A "None" is a verified finding cited to the agency's own pages, not a gap. Which of the state's filings ask for an industry code is in the next section.
State business license - Arkansas◎Verified
General state license
None - the state issues no general business license; licensing is occupation-specific and local
Where a new business registers
No general licensing agency. Tax registration: Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration (DFA), Revenue Division - Arkansas Taxpayer Access Point (ATAP) agency page↗ (opens the official source)
Which of Arkansas's business filings ask the filer for an industry classification, and in what form. "No industry information" is a positive finding cited to the form. Where the state uses its own category list and the list was captured, it is expandable below. The NAICS and SIC reference lists are on their own page.
Industry code on Arkansas filings, 7 of 7 rows verified
Filing
Entity scope
Asks for
Required
Where on the form
Source
Formation
corporation
no industry information
not asked
Item 6 'The nature of the business ... a. The primary purpose of the Corporation shall be ___' (free text; no code)
Arkansas has 75 county-equivalents: 75 countyies. Names and codes are the U.S. Census Bureau's (2020 national county codes); county seats and official sites are not yet published here.
These come from a research pass its own author graded CANDIDATES. They are shown because they are useful and withheld from every ranking on this site because they are not ratified.